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War --- Economic aspects. --- Peace of Westphalia --- Bavaria (Germany) --- Holy Roman Empire --- History

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Austrian citizens enjoy high living standards, well-being and social cohesion. Until the ongoing global slowdown, robust employment growth in the private sector kept domestic demand and investment remarkably robust. More people moved into work and inward migration has been strong. At the same time, new challenges related to social cohesion challenges have emerged, as increased skill differences in the population and diverging productivity performance across firms have generated a higher range of outcomes for job quality and market wages than in the past. Myriad entrepreneurial firms across all regions should better adapt to new megatrends of ageing, globalisation and digitalisation. While small-and-medium sized firms are generally more productive, export more, and engage more in higher technology activities than in comparable countries, they need to adapt to maintain this good performance. Their capital structures are biased towards debt, and stronger equity, growth and venture capital markets would provide them with further resources for their long-term knowledge based investments. Important skills shortages, in particular in advanced digital technologies, should be overcome. As around one third of all SMEs are up for ownership transmission, ensuring successful business transfers will be crucial for maintaining broad-based entrepreneurial dynamism. Meeting these challenges would also help lift the constraints on upscaling that many SMEs face and would provide more fruitful soil for future innovative activities.

Economic surveys --- Austria --- Economic conditions --- Economic policy --- Surveys --- al-Nimsā --- Alpen- und Donau-Reichsgaue --- Ao-ti-li --- Austrian Republic --- Ausztria --- Autriche (Republic) --- Avstrii︠a︡ --- Avstrija --- Avusturya --- Deutschösterreich --- German Austria --- Österreich --- Ostmark --- Østrig --- Osṭriyah --- Ōsutoria --- Rakousko --- Republic of Austria --- Republik Österreich --- אוסטריה --- オーストリア --- Austro-Hungarian Monarchy --- Holy Roman Empire --- E-books --- Economic history

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The recycling and reuse of materials and objects were extensive in the past, but have rarely been embedded into models of the economy; even more rarely has any attempt been made to address the scale of these practices. Recent developments, including the use of large datasets, computational modelling, and high-resolution analytical chemistry are increasingly offering the means to reconstruct recycling and reuse, and even to approach the thorny issue of quantification. This volume is the first to bring together these new approaches, and the first to present a consideration of recycling and reuse in the Roman economy, taking into account a range of materials and using a variety of methodological approaches. It presents integrated, cross-referential evidence for the recycling and reuse of textiles, papyrus, statuary and building materials, amphorae, metals, and glass, and examines significant questions about organization, value, and the social meaning of recycling.

Recycling (Waste, etc.) --- Rome --- Antiquities --- Antiquities. --- Recycling --- Wiederverwendung --- Wirtschaft --- Rome (Empire) --- Römisches Reich. --- Recycling industry --- Pollution control industry --- E-books --- Recycling industry. --- Recycling (Waste, etc.) - Rome --- Rome - Antiquities --- Römisches Reich --- Imperium Romanum --- Reich Rom --- Italien --- Antike --- Römerzeit --- Römer --- v753-500 --- Rim --- Roman Empire --- Roman Republic --- Romi (Empire) --- Byzantine Empire --- Italy --- Geschichte 753 v. Chr.-500

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"This volume presents an innovative picture of the ancient Mediterranean world. Approaching poverty as a multifaceted condition, it examines how different groups were affected by the lack of access to symbolic, cultural and social - as well as economic - capital. Collecting a wide range of studies by an international team of experts, it presents a diverse and complex analysis of life in antiquity, from the archaic to the late antique period. The sections on Greece, Rome, and Late Antiquity offer in-depth studies of ancient life, integrating analysis of socio-economic dynamics and cultural and discursive strategies that shaped this crucial element of ancient (and modern) societies. Themes like social cohesion and control, exclusion, gender, agency, and identity are explored through the combination of archaeological, epigraphic, and literary evidence, presenting a rich panorama of Greco-Roman societies and a stimulating collection of new approaches and methodologies for their understanding. The book offers a comprehensive view of the ancient world, analysing different social groups - from wealthy elites to poor peasants and the destitute - and their interactions, in contexts as diverse as Classical Athens and Sparta, imperial Rome, and the late antique towns of Egypt and North Africa. Poverty in Ancient Greece and Rome: Discourses and Realities is a valuable resource for students and scholars of ancient history, classical literature, and archaeology. In addition, topics covered in the book are of interest to social scientists, scholars of religion, and historians working on poverty and social history in other periods"

Poverty --- Poor --- Disadvantaged, Economically --- Economically disadvantaged --- Impoverished people --- Low-income people --- Pauperism --- Poor, The --- Poor people --- Persons --- Social classes --- Destitution --- Wealth --- Basic needs --- Begging --- Subsistence economy --- History. --- Social conditions. --- Economic conditions --- Greece --- Rome --- Rim --- Roman Empire --- Roman Republic (510-30 B.C.) --- Romi (Empire) --- Byzantine Empire --- Rome (Italy) --- Ancient history --- Pauvreté --- Conditions économiques

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"In the first study of fiscal sociology in the Roman Republic, James Tan argues that much of Roman politics was defined by changes in the fiscal system. Tan offers a new conception of the Roman Republic by showing that imperial profits freed the elite from dependence on citizen taxes"-- "Rome's wars delivered great wealth to the conquerors, but how did this affect politics and society on the home front? In Power and Public Finance at Rome, James Tan offers the first examination of the Roman Republic from the perspective of fiscal sociology and makes the case that no understanding of Roman history is complete without an appreciation of the role of economics in defining political interactions. Examining how imperial profits were distributed, Tan explores how imperial riches turned Roman public life on its head. Rome's lofty aristocrats had traditionally been constrained by their dependence on taxpayer money. They relied on the state to fund wars, and the state in turn relied on citizens' taxes to fuel the war machine. This fiscal chain bound the elite to taxpayer consent, but as the spoils of Empire flooded into Rome, leaders found that they could fund any policy they chose without relying on the support of the citizens who funded them. The influx of wealth meant that taxation at home was ended and citizens promptly lost what bargaining power they had enjoyed as a result of the state's reliance on their fiscal contributions. With their dependence on the taxpayers loosened, Rome's aristocratic leaders were free to craft a fiscal system which prioritized the enrichment of their own private estates and which devoted precious few resources to the provision of public goods. In six chapters on the nature of Rome's imperialist enrichment, on politics during the Punic Wars and on the all-important tribunates of the Gracchi, Tan offers new conceptions of Roman state creation, fiscal history, civic participation, aristocratic pre-eminence, and the eventual transition to autocracy"--

Finance, Public --- Taxation --- Power (Social sciences) --- Elite (Social sciences) --- Fiscal policy --- HISTORY / Ancient / Rome. --- POLITICAL SCIENCE / Public Policy / Social Services & Welfare. --- POLITICAL SCIENCE / Public Policy / Economic Policy. --- Economic policy. --- Finance, Public. --- Fiscal policy. --- Politics and government. --- Taxation. --- History. --- 265-30 B.C. --- Rome --- Rome (Empire) --- Politics and government --- Tax policy --- Elites (Social sciences) --- Empowerment (Social sciences) --- Political power --- Duties --- Fee system (Taxation) --- Tax reform --- Taxation, Incidence of --- Taxes --- Cameralistics --- Public finance --- History --- Government policy --- Rim --- Roman Empire --- Roman Republic (510-30 B.C.) --- Romi (Empire) --- Finance, public --- Power (social sciences) --- Elite (social sciences) --- Business & economics / public finance. --- Elite (social sciences). --- Finance, public. --- Power (social sciences). --- Rome (Empire). --- Economic policy --- Leadership --- Social classes --- Social groups --- Exchange theory (Sociology) --- Political science --- Social sciences --- Sociology --- Consensus (Social sciences) --- Revenue --- Currency question --- Byzantine Empire --- Rome (Italy) --- Public finances