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Over the last decades, assessment of heart rate variability (HRV) has increased in various fields of research. HRV describes changes in heartbeat intervals, which are caused by autonomic neural regulation, i.e. by the interplay of the sympathetic and the parasympathetic nervous systems. The most frequent application of HRV is connected to cardiological issues, most importantly to the monitoring of post-myocardial infarction patients and the prediction of sudden cardiac death. Analysis of HRV is also frequently applied in relation to diabetes, renal failure, neurological and psychiatric conditions, sleep disorders, psychological phenomena such as stress, as well as drug and addiction research including alcohol and smoking. The widespread application of HRV measurements is based on the fact that they are noninvasive, easy to perform, and in general reproducible – if carried out under standardized conditions. However, the amount of parameters to be analysed is still rising. Well-established time domain and frequency domain parameters are discussed controversially when it comes to their physiological interpretation and their psychometric properties like reliability and validity, and the sensitivity to cardiovascular properties of the variety of parameters seems to be a topic for further research. Recently introduced parameters like pNNxx and new dynamic methods such as approximate entropy and detrended fluctuation analysis offer new potentials and warrant standardization. However, HRV is significantly associated with average heart rate (HR) and one can conclude that HRV actually provides information on two quantities, i.e. on HR and its variability. It is hard to determine which of these two plays a principal role in the clinical value of HRV. The association between HRV and HR is not only a physiological phenomenon but also a mathematical one which is due to non-linear (mathematical) relationship between RR interval and HR. If one normalizes HRV to its average RR interval, one may get ‘pure’ variability free from the mathematical bias. Recently, a new modification method of the association between HRV and HR has been developed which enables us to completely remove the HRV dependence on HR (even the physiological one), or conversely enhance this dependence. Such an approach allows us to explore the HR contribution to the clinical significance of HRV, i.e. whether HR or its variability plays a main role in the HRV clinical value. This Research Topic covers recent advances in the application of HRV, methodological issues, basic underlying mechanisms as well as all aspects of the interaction between HRV and HR.

Heart Rate --- Autonomic Function --- sympathetic and vagal control --- baroreflex mechanisms --- heart rate turbulence --- spectral analysis --- Sudden cardiac death --- Heart rate variability --- non-linear methods

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The field of cardiothoracic surgery continues to evolve at a rapidly expanding rate. New technologies are under constant development and as patients present with more advanced pathophysiology and complex comorbidities, management becomes more dependent on multi-disciplinary Teams. While there are a variety of innovative and high-profile topics that dominate the literature and the interests of clinicians, sometimes is it the basics both in terms of acute and sometimes unusual problems that often challenge cardiothoracic surgeons on a day to day basis. The goal of Principles and Practice of Cardiothoracic Surgery is to hopefully highlight the current state of the art management of these problems.

Cardiotocography. --- Cardiotocography --- Fetal cardiography --- Fetal monitoring --- Heart rate monitoring --- Cardiothoracic surgery

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This eBook is a collection of articles from a Frontiers Research Topic. Frontiers Research Topics are very popular trademarks of the Frontiers Journals Series: they are collections of at least ten articles, all centered on a particular subject. With their unique mix of varied contributions from Original Research to Review Articles, Frontiers Research Topics unify the most influential researchers, the latest key findings and historical advances in a hot research area! Find out more on how to host your own Frontiers Research Topic or contribute to one as an author by contacting the Frontiers Editorial Office: frontiersin.org/about/contact

Recovery methods --- cold water immersion --- active recovery --- photobiomodulation --- physiological responses --- heart rate variability

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The guest editors of this eBook have accepted 10 very high-quality submissions for inclusion in a special issue of Frontiers in Physiology. The key difference between this eBook and contemporary fetal physiology related literature is that this Research Topic summarizes additional insights into the physiological link between physiologically understandable mathematical indices of fetal signals and the developing cardiovascular functions in fetal health and compromises. This book should be of considerable help to researchers, professionals in fetal monitoring device industries, academics, and graduate students from a wide range of disciplines. The text provides a comprehensive account of recent research in this emerging field and we anticipate that the concepts presented here will generate further research in this field.

fetal monitoing --- fetal mouse --- fetal Doppler --- abdominal phonogram --- fetal ECG --- fetal heart rate

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This eBook is a collection of articles from a Frontiers Research Topic. Frontiers Research Topics are very popular trademarks of the Frontiers Journals Series: they are collections of at least ten articles, all centered on a particular subject. With their unique mix of varied contributions from Original Research to Review Articles, Frontiers Research Topics unify the most influential researchers, the latest key findings and historical advances in a hot research area! Find out more on how to host your own Frontiers Research Topic or contribute to one as an author by contacting the Frontiers Editorial Office: frontiersin.org/about/contact

heart rate variability --- arterial blood pressure --- sympathetic neural activity --- cardiovascular control --- peripheral resistances --- autonomic nervous system --- baroreflex sensitivity