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Neuropathology --- Gastroenterology --- Gastrointestinal system --- Tractus gastro-intestinal --- Motility --- Periodicals --- Motilité --- Périodiques --- Biliary Tract. --- Gastrointestinal Motility. --- Système gastro-intestinal. --- Innervation (Physiologie) --- Motilité intestinale. --- Voies biliaires. --- Innervation --- Innervation. --- Motility. --- Biliary Tract --- Enteric Nervous System --- Intestinal Motility --- Gastrointestinal Motilities --- Intestinal Motilities --- Motilities, Gastrointestinal --- Motilities, Intestinal --- Motility, Gastrointestinal --- Motility, Intestinal --- physiology. --- Chemistry --- Health Sciences --- Biochemistry --- Physiology --- Enteric nervous system --- Biliary System --- Biliary Tree --- System, Biliary --- Tract, Biliary --- Tree, Biliary --- Gastro-intestinal system --- Gastrointestinal tract --- GI tract --- Tract, Gastrointestinal --- Tract, GI --- Gastrointestinal motility --- Gastrointestinal Motility --- physiology --- Biomechanics --- Digestion --- Peristalsis --- Nerves, Peripheral --- Alimentary canal --- Digestive organs --- Gastro-enterologie --- Neuropathologie

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Three distinct types of contractions perform colonic motility functions. Rhythmic phasic contractions (RPCs) cause slow net distal propulsion with extensive mixing/turning over. Infrequently occurring giant migrating contractions (GMCs) produce mass movements. Tonic contractions aid RPCs in their motor function. The spatiotemporal patterns of these contractions differ markedly. The amplitude and distance of propagation of a GMC are several-fold larger than those of an RPC. The enteric neurons and smooth muscle cells are the core regulators of all three types of contractions. The regulation of contractions by these mechanisms is modifiable by extrinsic factors: CNS, autonomic neurons, hormones, inflammatory mediators, and stress mediators. Only the GMCs produce descending inhibition, which accommodates the large bolus being propelled without increasing muscle tone. The strong compression of the colon wall generates afferent signals that are below nociceptive threshold in healthy subjects. However, these signals become nociceptive; if the amplitudes of GMCs increase, afferent nerves become hypersensitive, or descending inhibition is impaired. The GMCs also provide the force for rapid propulsion of feces and descending inhibition to relax the internal anal sphincter during defecation. The dysregulation of GMCs is a major factor in colonic motility disorders: irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), and diverticular disease (DD). Frequent mass movements by GMCs cause diarrhea in diarrhea predominant IBS, IBD, and DD, while a decrease in the frequency of GMCs causes constipation. The GMCs generate the afferent signals for intermittent short-lived episodes of abdominal cramping in these disorders. Epigenetic dysregulation due to adverse events in early life is one of the major factors in generating the symptoms of IBS in adulthood.

Colon (Anatomy) --- Motility. --- Colon. --- Gastrointestinal Motility. --- Smooth muscle --- Slow waves --- Enteric neurons --- Excitation-contraction coupling --- Peristaltic reflex --- ICC --- Motility disorders --- Volume transmission --- Synaptic transmission --- Irritable bowel syndrome --- Inflammatory bowel disease --- Diverticular disease --- Diarrhea --- Constipation --- Visceral hypersensitivity --- Excitation-inhibition coupling --- Descending inhibition --- Abdominal pain --- Enteric nervous system --- Defecation

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Immunohistochemistry (IHC) is an ancillary method, widely used in pathologists’ practice, that allows identifying diagnostic and prognostic/predictive of therapeutic response protein markers on tissue samples by the use of specific monoclonal antibodies and chromogenic substances that guarantee the visualization of an antibody–antigene binding complex under a light microscope [1]. Coon et al., in 1941 [2], first introduced the use of fluorochrome-conjugated antibodies in clinical practice. Since then, IHC has gone from being a useful tool for identifying the differentiation line of otherwise undifferentiated cells to a technique capable of providing not only diagnostic but also prognostic and predictive indications of responses to specific therapeutic options [1,3]. The abovementioned peculiarities have made IHC one of the most used ancillary methods in the histopathological approach to human neoplastic and non-neoplastic diseases [3-5]. This Special Issue contains 11 accepted papers that provide readers with a comprehensive update on current and future applications of IHC in medical practice.

training exercise --- NGAL --- VDR --- kidney --- heart --- immunohistochemistry --- ABCB5 --- uveal melanoma --- prognosis --- metastasis --- pericardium --- cytokeratin --- c-kit --- PDGFR --- initial lymphatics --- macroH2A --- prognostic factor --- SLC22A12 --- URAT1 --- hypouricemia --- uric acid transporters --- excretion fraction of uric acid --- Hsp27 --- Hsp60 --- Hsp70 --- Hsp90 --- molecular chaperone --- chaperonopathies --- thyroid --- follicular adenoma --- follicular carcinoma --- differential diagnosis --- carcinogenesis --- matrix metalloproteinases --- temporomandibular joint disorder --- temporomandibular joint --- DEN --- liver --- inflammation --- ultra-structural changes --- oxidative stress --- EGCG --- Vitamin D --- prostate cancer --- urinary tract malformations --- megacystis --- enteric nervous system --- outcome and prognosis --- WT1 --- human embryonal/fetal tissues --- neoplastic tissue --- n/a

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According to the presented studies, the health condition of animals in rearing and breeding should be regularly monitored. This would allow early detection of delicate deviations in the body of clinically healthy individuals. Unfortunately, regular monitoring of the health of animals in commercial production is not performed. It follows that this type of research should be an introduction to further, more inquisitive steps. This can form the basis for further courses of action, indicating which organs or tissues field doctors or researchers should be interested in and what to pay attention to in order to find the correct answer, concerning the situation in the animal body. In the future, we should determine biomedical markers for use in precision veterinary medicine. In human medicine, this has been practiced with great success. The problem, however, is that we are getting to know more and more substances produced by mold fungi. This causes a build-up of new interpretative problems, causing health conditions (diagnosis), as well as analytical problems. To fully understand the results we need new techniques to assess toxicological and chemical hazards, including those related to undesirable substances. We need a solid knowledge of the biological pathways underlying the toxicity and tolerance to interference factors toxicological processes. We hope that the presented study will allow for a better understanding of mycotoxicoses that bother us and our animals, which will allow for more effective preventive actions.

Research & information: general --- Biology, life sciences --- zearalenone --- low doses --- steroid hormones --- biotransformation --- pre-pubertal gilts --- modified mycotoxin --- co-occurrence --- corn silage --- CIEB --- WST-1 --- NR --- SRB --- sphingolipid metabolism --- Sa/So --- global survey --- finished pig feed --- emerging mycotoxins --- DON --- toxicity --- combined toxicity --- IPEC-1 --- deoxynivalenol --- IPEC-J2 --- cell damage --- NF-κB inflammatory signal pathway --- pet food --- Fusarium --- ergosterol --- mycotoxins --- trichothecenes --- fumonisin B1 --- HPLC --- bioavailability --- estradiol --- testosterone --- blood concentration --- dairy --- aflatoxin --- Sub-Saharan Africa --- aflatoxin M1 --- GALT --- oxidative stress --- cytokine --- metabolism --- Cordyceps fungi --- mass production --- biosynthetic gene cluster --- safety --- enteric nervous system --- gastrointestinal tract --- mammals --- animal pathology --- intestines --- toxins --- feed --- histology --- ultrastructure --- pig --- hepatocyte --- liver --- synbiotics --- turkeys --- intestinal microbiota --- fecal enzymes --- ochratoxin A --- zearalenone --- low doses --- steroid hormones --- biotransformation --- pre-pubertal gilts --- modified mycotoxin --- co-occurrence --- corn silage --- CIEB --- WST-1 --- NR --- SRB --- sphingolipid metabolism --- Sa/So --- global survey --- finished pig feed --- emerging mycotoxins --- DON --- toxicity --- combined toxicity --- IPEC-1 --- deoxynivalenol --- IPEC-J2 --- cell damage --- NF-κB inflammatory signal pathway --- pet food --- Fusarium --- ergosterol --- mycotoxins --- trichothecenes --- fumonisin B1 --- HPLC --- bioavailability --- estradiol --- testosterone --- blood concentration --- dairy --- aflatoxin --- Sub-Saharan Africa --- aflatoxin M1 --- GALT --- oxidative stress --- cytokine --- metabolism --- Cordyceps fungi --- mass production --- biosynthetic gene cluster --- safety --- enteric nervous system --- gastrointestinal tract --- mammals --- animal pathology --- intestines --- toxins --- feed --- histology --- ultrastructure --- pig --- hepatocyte --- liver --- synbiotics --- turkeys --- intestinal microbiota --- fecal enzymes --- ochratoxin A

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Neural electrodes enable the recording and stimulation of bioelectrical activity in the nervous system. This technology provides neuroscientists with the means to probe the functionality of neural circuitry in both health and disease. In addition, neural electrodes can deliver therapeutic stimulation for the relief of debilitating symptoms associated with neurological disorders such as Parkinson’s disease and may serve as the basis for the restoration of sensory perception through peripheral nerve and brain regions after disease or injury. Lastly, microscale neural electrodes recording signals associated with volitional movement in paralyzed individuals can be decoded for controlling external devices and prosthetic limbs or driving the stimulation of paralyzed muscles for functional movements. In spite of the promise of neural electrodes for a range of applications, chronic performance remains a goal for long-term basic science studies, as well as clinical applications. New perspectives and opportunities from fields including tissue biomechanics, materials science, and biological mechanisms of inflammation and neurodegeneration are critical to advances in neural electrode technology. This Special Issue will address the state-of-the-art knowledge and emerging opportunities for the development and demonstration of advanced neural electrodes.

n/a --- closed-loop --- in vivo imaging --- education --- thermoresistance --- neural probe --- electroless plating --- neural stimulation and recording --- peripheral nerve stimulation --- shape-memory-polymer --- artifact --- sensor interface --- magnetic coupling --- neuroprosthetics --- intracortical implant --- µECoG --- neural interfaces --- implantable --- electrochemistry --- shape memory polymer --- neuroscience --- micromachine --- microelectromechanical systems --- stiffness --- Parylene C --- intracranial electrodes --- chronic implantation --- neural interfacing --- microelectrodes --- multiplexing --- microstimulators --- freely-behaving --- windowed integration sampling --- system-on-chip --- brain-machine interfaces --- insertion force --- microelectrode array --- vagus nerve --- diversity --- micro-electromechanical systems (MEMS) technologies --- mixed-signal feedback --- temperature monitoring --- foreign body reaction --- peripheral nerves --- brain–computer interface --- multi-disciplinary --- neurotechnology --- photolithography --- micro-electrocorticography --- robust microelectrode --- conscious recording --- electrode array --- dopamine --- softening --- sciatic nerve --- bio-inspired --- neural prostheses --- neuroscientific research --- bidirectional --- LED chip --- microfluidic device --- electrode–tissue interface --- impedance --- intracortical --- silicon carbide --- three-dimensional --- bias --- micro-electromechanical systems (MEMS) --- silicon neural probes --- electrode degradation --- chronic --- microelectrode --- biocompatibility --- optogenetics --- fast-scan cyclic voltammetry (FSCV) --- glial encapsulation --- deep brain stimulation --- electrocorticography --- electrophysiology --- fast scan cyclic voltammetry --- precision medicine --- microfabrication --- BRAIN Initiative --- polymer --- magnetic resonance imaging --- polymer nanocomposite --- liquid crystal elastomer --- silicon probe --- training --- tissue response --- graphene --- electrode --- glassy carbon electrode --- immune response --- electrode implantation --- dextran --- immunohistochemistry --- neural interface response --- amorphous silicon carbide --- Utah electrode arrays --- neural amplifier --- neural electrode array --- neuromodulation --- in vivo electrophysiology --- neuronal recordings --- neural recording --- ECoG --- gene modification --- neural interface --- wireless --- enteric nervous system --- cellulose nanocrystals --- brain-computer interface --- electrode-tissue interface