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The digital environment is an increasingly important dimension of the contemporary battle space. While we have been focusing our attention on cyber-threats and systemic resilience, less attention has been paid to challenges arising from the malicious use of openly available digital information regarding military organisations. An adversary does not need significant resources or advanced cyber capabilities to pose a threat in the digital domain, when social media and digital technologies are easily accessible, providing information and infrastructure that can be exploited by anyone with access to a computer and an internet connection. For example, open-source methods can be used to geolocate military units, social media can be used to augment influence activities, and social data can be scraped for valuable intelligence. Digital domain; Armed forces; malicious use of digital information; geolocation; digital toolbox.

Internet --- Online social networks --- Social media --- Extremists. --- Safety measures. --- Security measures. --- Military aspects. --- Government policy.

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Berbers --- Berbers --- Berbers --- Berbers --- Language policy --- Tamazight language --- Civil rights --- Government policy --- Politics and government --- History --- Morocco --- Morocco --- Cultural policy. --- Ethnic relations --- Political aspects.

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Policymakers are often reluctant to grant independence to the agencies that regulate and supervise the financial sector because of the fear that these agencies, with their wide-ranging responsibilities and powers, could become a law unto themselves. This pamphlet describes mechanisms for making regulatory agencies accountable not only to the government but also to the industry they supervise and the public at large, with examples from a range of countries.

Banks and Banking --- Finance: General --- Industries: Financial Services --- Business and Financial --- General Financial Markets: Government Policy and Regulation --- Financial Institutions and Services: Government Policy and Regulation --- Banks --- Depository Institutions --- Micro Finance Institutions --- Mortgages --- Financial services law & regulation --- Banking --- Finance --- Financial regulation and supervision --- Financial services --- Bank supervision --- Financial sector stability --- Financial services industry --- Law and legislation --- Banks and banking --- State supervision --- Canada

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Curbing corruption can help countries achieve higher and more inclusive growth. The paper focuses on the Middle East, North Africa, and the Caucasus and Central Asia. The roots of corruption often lie in poor economic governance, and thus improving governance of economic institutions can help curb corruption. While every MCD country possesses its own strengths and weaknesses, there are some common themes and problems that emerge.

Economics: General --- International Economics --- Bureaucracy --- Administrative Processes in Public Organizations --- Corruption --- Economywide Country Studies: Asia including Middle East --- Financial Institutions and Services: Government Policy and Regulation --- Political economy --- International institutions --- International organization --- Economics

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The IMF's 2009 Annual Report chronicles the response of the Fund's Executive Board and staff to the global financial crisis and other events during financial year 2009, which covers the period from May 1, 2008, through April 30, 2009. The print version of the Report is available in eight languages (Arabic, Chinese, English, French, German, Japanese, Russian, and Spanish), along with a CD-ROM (available in English only) that includes the Report text and ancillary materials, including the Fund's Financial Statements for FY2009.

Budgeting --- Finance: General --- Financial Risk Management --- Macroeconomics --- Public Finance --- General Financial Markets: Government Policy and Regulation --- Financial Crises --- National Budget --- Budget Systems --- Government Policy --- Provision and Effects of Welfare Program --- Human Capital --- Skills --- Occupational Choice --- Labor Productivity --- Finance --- Economic & financial crises & disasters --- Labour --- income economics --- Budgeting & financial management --- Social welfare & social services --- Financial crises --- Budget planning and preparation --- Human capital --- Poverty reduction strategy --- Financial regulation and supervision --- Financial services industry --- Budget --- Poverty --- United States --- Income economics